Mature Galaxies In The Early Universe: The Main Point

The Lambda/CDM paradigm, which is the current cosmological paradigm (for now) did not predict that mature galaxies and supermassive quasars would be found so early following the Bang. When these unexpected objects were discovered, it sent theorists scurrying to come up with explanations that “saved” the LCDM paradigm. Whether they did or not depends on who you talk to.

The Big Bounce/Supernova Analogy paradigm predicts that there would be large numbers of small galaxies after the Bang, but also some large galaxies and plenty of black holes (supermassive and stellar-mass). As the unimaginably large metgalactic system evolves in time, small galaxies will merge to form larger galaxies and the ratio of large/small galaxies increases with time.

This is what we observe. This was expected for the BB/SA paradigm. This is what happens in a supernova with subatomic particles playing the role of galaxies (in the analogy). Ad hoc fixes were not required for that alternative paradigm.

I urge you to familiarize yourself with the paper by Loeb and Steinhardt. It can be understood by non-experts and has very important things to say to those with an open mind.